0.0Rotor turns
0Protons moved
0ATP made
Protons flowing through the ring turn the rotor, and every full turn makes three ATP.
8 c-subunits in this human structure: 8 protons and 3 ATP per turn.
Shown about 167× slower than life: the real rotor turns about 100 times a second (Watt et al., PNAS 2010).
The shape is real: every bead is a C-alpha atom of the cryo-EM model. The motion is a simplified model.
Structure: PDB 8H9T (Lai et al., 2023), RCSB Protein Data Bank.
Details
Built by Gemini 4 Hydrogen from one prompt: real PDB 8H9T C-alpha spheres and traces, proton half-channels, ATP release flashes, Assembled/Exploded/X-ray/Cut-away views, callout labels, subunit info cards, synthesized Web Audio, and guided tour.